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1 resignation from Parliament
Политика: выход из состава парламентаУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > resignation from Parliament
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2 resignation from Parliament
Politics english-russian dictionary > resignation from Parliament
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3 resignation
nотставка; заявление об отставке; уход в отставку, увольнение по собственномуto announce one's resignation — объявлять о своей отставке
to call for smb's (immediate) resignation — призывать кого-л. (немедленно) уйти в отставку
to discuss the terms for one's resignation — обсуждать условия своего ухода в отставку
to dismiss calls for one's resignation — отвергать призывы уйти в отставку
to give in one's resignation — вручать прошение об отставке / заявление об уходе
to hand in one's resignation — подавать в отставку
to lead to smb's resignation — приводить к чьей-л. отставке
to reject calls for one's resignation — отвергать призывы уйти в отставку
to send in one's resignation — вручать прошение об отставке / заявление об уходе
to submit the resignation of one's cabinet — подавать в отставку вместе со своим кабинетом ( о премьер-министре)
- attempted resignationto withdraw one's resignation — брать обратно заявление об отставке
- call for smb's resignation
- catalyst for smb's resignation
- flood of resignations
- forced resignation
- resignation across the board
- resignation from Parliament
- resignation from the party
- resignation of the government -
4 выход из состава парламента
Politics: resignation from ParliamentУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > выход из состава парламента
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5 news
1 ( new political or public information) nouvelle(s) f(pl) ; an item of news gen une nouvelle ; Journ une information ; the latest news is that all is quiet aux dernières nouvelles tout était calme ; the news that she had resigned la nouvelle selon laquelle elle aurait démissionné ; news of her resignation reached Parliament la nouvelle de sa démission est parvenue au Parlement ; news is just coming in of an explosion on vient juste d'apprendre la nouvelle d'une explosion ; here now with news of today's sport is X et voici maintenant, pour nous parler du sport aujourd'hui, X ; these events are not news ces événements n'ont rien de nouveau ; to be in the news, to make (the) news défrayer la chronique ; she's always in the news on parle beaucoup d'elle dans les médias ;2 ( personal information) nouvelle(s) f(pl) ; a bit ou piece of news une nouvelle ; a sad bit of news une triste nouvelle ; have you heard the news? tu connais la nouvelle? ; it's wonderful news about Louis! nouvelle formidable à propos de Louis! ; I heard the news from Jo j'ai appris la nouvelle par Jo ; have I got news for you ○ ! j'ai une nouvelle à t'apprendre! ; have you any news of her? est-ce que tu as de ses nouvelles? ; I have no news of her je n'ai aucune nouvelle d'elle ; tell me all your news! raconte-moi ce que tu deviens! ; that's news to me ○ ! ça, c'est du nouveau ○ ! ; that's good/bad news c'est une bonne/mauvaise nouvelle ; she's bad news ○ ! c'est un véritable fléau ○ ! ; this is ou spells bad news for c'est une mauvaise nouvelle pour ; bad news travels fast les mauvaises nouvelles circulent vite ;3 Radio, TV ( programme) the news les informations fpl, les infos ○ fpl, le journal m ; to see sth/sb on the news voir qch/qn aux informations ;4 Journ ( column title) ‘financial news’ ‘chronique f financière’ ; ‘Home News’ ‘les informations fpl nationales’ ; ‘The Baltimore News’ ( newspaper title) ‘Les Nouvelles fpl de Baltimore’.no news is good news pas de nouvelles, bonnes nouvelles. -
6 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
7 einziehen
(unreg., trennb.)I v/t (hat eingezogen)1. einziehen (in + Akk) in Bezug: put in(to); (Faden, Gummi) thread in(to); (Kabel) feed ( oder pay) in(to); Gerät: (Papier) feed in(to); sich (Dat) einen Dorn / Splitter einziehen get a thorn / splinter in one’s hand etc.; sich (Dat) bei jemandem einen Schiefer einziehen südd., umg., fig. fall out with s.o.3. (Fahne) lower, haul down; (Segel) take in; (Netz) haul in, pull in; TECH. retract; das Fahrgestell einziehen FLUG. retract the landing gear4. (Bauch) pull in; (Fühler, Krallen) draw in; (Krallen) auch sheathe; den Kopf einziehen duck (one’s head); den Bauch einziehen auch breathe in umg.; den Schwanz einziehen Hund: put its etc. tail between its legs; umg., fig. pej. cave in5. (Luft, Rauch) draw in; Person: auch breathe in, inhale6. MIL. call up, conscript, Am. draft10. Amtsspr. (Auskünfte etc.) gather, collect; Erkundigungen einziehen enquire, make enquiries ( über + Akk about, into)11. DRUCK. (Absatz, Zeile) indentII v/i (ist)1. (in + Akk eine Wohnung etc.) einziehen move in(to); bei jemandem einziehen move in with s.o.; (als Mieter) auch move to s.o.’s (place)2. einziehen (in + Akk) Truppen: march in(to), enter; in ein Stadion etc.: enter; Zirkus etc.: arrive in town; in den Bundestag einziehen Partei: win seats in the Bundestag, enter the Bundestag; Abgeordnete(r): take up one’s seat in the Bundestag4. fig. Frühling etc.: come, arrive; Resignation etc.: follow, take over; wenn wieder Frieden im Land einzieht when the war is over, when we have peace again; wenn wieder Ruhe im Haus einzieht when things settle down* * *(beschlagnahmen) to withdraw; to seize; to sequestrate; to confiscate;(beziehen) to move in;(einberufen) to draft; to call up; to conscript;(einkassieren) to collect;(errichten) to put in;(herunterholen) to lower;(zurückziehen) to pull in* * *ein|zie|hen sep1. vt1) (= hineinziehen, einfügen) Gummiband, Faden to thread; (in einen Bezug etc) to put in; (BUILD = einbauen) Wand, Balken to put in; (Kopiergerät) Papier to take in2) (= einsaugen) Flüssigkeit to soak up; (durch Strohhalm) to draw up; Duft to breathe in; Luft, Rauch to draw in3) (= zurückziehen) Fühler, Krallen, Fahrgestell to retract, to draw in; Bauch, Netz to pull or draw in; Antenne to retract; Schultern to hunch; Periskop, Flagge, Segel to lower, to take down; Ruder to ship, to take inden Kopf éínziehen — to duck (one's head)
zieh den Bauch ein! — keep or tuck (inf) your tummy in
der Hund zog den Schwanz ein — the dog put his tail between his legs
mit eingezogenem Schwanz (lit, fig) — with its/his/her tail between its/his/her legs
5) (= kassieren) Steuern, Gelder to collect; (fig ) Erkundigungen to make (über +acc about)6) (= aus dem Verkehr ziehen) Banknoten, Münzen to withdraw (from circulation), to call in; (= beschlagnahmen) Führerschein to take away, to withdraw; Vermögen to confiscate7) (TYP) Wörter, Zeilen to indent2. vi aux seiner zog bei Bekannten ein — he moved in with friends
ins Parlament éínziehen (Partei) — to enter parliament; (Abgeordneter) to take one's seat (in parliament)
2) (AUCH MIL = einmarschieren) to march in (in +acc -to)3) (= einkehren) to come (in +dat to)mit ihm zog eine fröhliche Stimmung bei uns ein — he brought a happy atmosphere with him
wenn der Friede im Lande einzieht — when peace comes to our country, when we have peace
Ruhe und Ordnung zogen wieder ein — law and order returned
4) (= eindringen) to soak in (in +acc -to)* * *1) (legally to order (someone) to serve in the armed forces etc: He was conscripted into the army.) conscript2) ((American) to conscript into the army etc: He was drafted into the Navy.) draft3) (to cause to join the army, a society etc: We must recruit more troops; Can't you recruit more members to the music society?) recruit4) (to go into and occupy a house etc: We can move in on Saturday.) move in5) retraction6) (to pull, or be pulled, into the body etc: A cat can retract its claws; A cat's claws can retract.) retract* * *ein|zie·henI. vt Hilfsverb: habenzieh den Bauch ein! keep your tummy in!der Hund zog den Schwanz ein the dog put its tail between its legsmit eingezogenem Schwanz (a. fig) with his/her/its tail between his/her/its legsdie Fühler/Krallen \einziehen to retract [or draw in] its feelers/clawsden Kopf \einziehen to duck one's headdie Ruder \einziehen to ship oarsdie Segel \einziehen to lower saildas Fahrgestell \einziehen to retract the landing gear3. (hineinziehen, einfädeln)ein Kissen in den Bezug \einziehen to put a pillow in the pillowcase5. (einbauen)eine Decke/Wand \einziehen to put in a ceiling/wall sep6. (einsaugen)7. (kassieren)▪ etw \einziehen to collect sthBeiträge/Gelder \einziehen to collect fees/money8. (einholen)Erkundigungen \einziehen to make enquiries9. (aus dem Verkehr ziehen)die alten Banknoten wurden eingezogen the old banknotes were withdrawn from circulation [or were called in10. (beschlagnahmen)einen Führerschein \einziehen to take away a driving licenceVermögen \einziehen to confiscate property11. (einberufen)jdn [zum Militär] \einziehen to conscript [or call up] [or AM draft] sb [into the army]einen Absatz/eine Zeile \einziehen to indent a paragraph/a line13. (nach innen ziehen)der Kopierer zieht die Blätter einzeln ein the photocopier takes in the sheets one by oneII. vi Hilfsverb: sein1. (in etw ziehen)wer ist im dritten Stock eingezogen? who has moved in on the third floor?2. POLer wurde gewählt und zog ins Parlament ein he was elected and took his seat in parliamentdie einzelnen Mannschaften zogen in das Olympiastadion ein the individual teams marched [or paraded] into the Olympic stadium4. (einkehren) to reignhoffentlich zieht bald [wieder] Frieden/Ruhe ein hopefully peace will reign [again] soonwann wird in der Region endlich Frieden \einziehen? when will the region have peace?nach dem Krieg zogen wieder Ruhe und Ordnung im Land ein after the war law and order returned to the country▪ bei jdm \einziehen to come to sbbald zieht bei uns wieder Ruhe ein soon we'll have peace and quiet againmit ihr zog eine schlechte Stimmung bei uns ein she brought a bad atmosphere with her5. (eindringen) to soak ineine schnell \einziehende Lotion a quickly absorbed lotion* * *1.unregelmäßiges transitives Verb2) (einbauen) put in < wall, ceiling>5) (einberufen) call up, conscript < recruits>6) (beitreiben) collecter lässt die Miete vom Konto einziehen — he pays his rent by direct debit
7) (beschlagnahmen) confiscate; seize8) (aus dem Verkehr ziehen) withdraw, call in <coins, banknotes>9) (Papierdt.): (einholen)2.Informationen/Erkundigungen einziehen — gather information/make enquiries
unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein1) < liquid> soak in2) (einkehren) enterder Frühling zieht ein — (geh.) spring comes or arrives
3) (in eine Wohnung) move in* * *einziehen (irr, trennb)A. v/t (hat eingezogen)1.in +akk) in Bezug: put in(to); (Faden, Gummi) thread in(to); (Kabel) feed ( oder pay) in(to); Gerät: (Papier) feed in(to);sich (dat)sich (dat)bei jemandem einen Schiefer einziehen südd, umg, fig fall out with sbdas Fahrgestell einziehen FLUG retract the landing gearden Kopf einziehen duck (one’s head);6. MIL call up, conscript, US draft10. ADMIN (Auskünfte etc) gather, collect;Erkundigungen einziehen enquire, make enquiries (über +akk about, into)B. v/i (ist)1. (in +akk eine Wohnung etc)einziehen move in(to);bei jemandem einziehen move in with sb; (als Mieter) auch move to sb’s (place)2.in den Bundestag einziehen Partei: win seats in the Bundestag, enter the Bundestag; Abgeordnete(r): take up one’s seat in the Bundestag3.wenn wieder Frieden im Land einzieht when the war is over, when we have peace again;wenn wieder Ruhe im Haus einzieht when things settle down* * *1.unregelmäßiges transitives Verb2) (einbauen) put in <wall, ceiling>5) (einberufen) call up, conscript < recruits>6) (beitreiben) collect7) (beschlagnahmen) confiscate; seize8) (aus dem Verkehr ziehen) withdraw, call in <coins, banknotes>9) (Papierdt.): (einholen)2.Informationen/Erkundigungen einziehen — gather information/make enquiries
unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein1) < liquid> soak in2) (einkehren) enterder Frühling zieht ein — (geh.) spring comes or arrives
3) (in eine Wohnung) move in* * *to draft (into) v. adj.settle in adj. v.to move in v. -
8 Praed, William
SUBJECT AREA: Canals[br]b. 24 June 1747 Trevethoe, Leland, St Ives, Cornwall, Englandd. 9 October 1833 Trevethoe, Leland, St Ives, Cornwall, England[br]English banker and Member of Parliament.[br]Born into a wealthy Cornish family, he was educated at Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford. He was elected Member of Parliament for St Ives in 1774, but it was alleged that his father, who was a banker, had acted as agent for both his son and Drummond, the other candidate for the same party, in the course of which he advanced money to voters "on their notes payable with interest to the bank of Truro (Praed's bank)" but with the understanding that repayment would not be demanded from those who had voted for Praed and Drummond. Praed's election was therefore declared void on 8 May 1775. He was re-elected in 1780, by which time St Ives was virtually a Praed family monopoly. He served in successive Parliaments until 1806 and then represented Banbury until 1808. Meanwhile, in 1779 he had become a partner in his father's Truro bank, c. 1801 founded the London bank of Praed \& Co. at 189 Fleet Street.While in Parliament, he was instrumental in obtaining and carrying into effect the Bill for the Grand Junction Canal from Braunston to London. He was elected Chairman of the company formed for constructing the canal and proved an excellent choice, serving the company faithfully for nearly thirty years until his resignation in 1821. Upon his marriage to Elizabeth Tyringham in 1778 he made his home at Tyringham Hall in Buckinghamshire and so was very much in the Grand Junction Canal Company's area. London's Praed Street, in which Paddington Station stands, is named in his honour and the canal basin is at the rear of this street. His monument in Tyringham Church bears a relief illustrating a pair of lock gates and a canal boat.[br]Further ReadingAlan H.Faulkner, 1972, The Grand Junction Canal, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles. L.S.Presnell, 1956, Country Banking in the Industrial Revolution, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 295–6.G.C.Boase and W.P.Courtney, 1874, Biblio-theca Cornubiensis, Vol. II, London: Longmans, p. 524.JHB -
9 call
kɔ:l
1. сущ.
1) а) крик Syn: shout
1., cry
1. б) крик (животного, особ. птицы) a wild range of animal noises and bird calls ≈ разнообразный шум животных и крики птиц в) зов, призыв( специальные звуки для приманивания птиц и т. п.) г) манок, дудка( при ловле птиц)
2) а) приглашение или команда собраться act call ≈ театр. сигнал актерам о начале представления;
звонок, созывающий публику в зрительный зал б) сигнал, сбор (с помощью горна, барабана и т. п.) в) вызов (в суд) call to the bar ≈ признание статуса барристера г) предложение принять должность пастора и занять приход д) приглашение, сбор актеров на репетицию The call is for 11 o'clock. ≈ Репетиция назначена на 11 часов. е) вызов (аплодисментами на сцену актеров и т. п.) ж) влечение, тяга You must be feeling exhilarated by the call of the new. ≈ Вероятно, вы чувствуете радость от тяги к новому. з) зов;
притягательность( чего-л. - пейзажа, работы и т. п.) the call of the wild ≈ зов дикой природы Syn: pull
1. и) зов, знамение приближающейся смерти to get one's call, to get the call ≈ умереть;
быть на грани смерти
3) телефонный вызов, телефонный звонок;
телефонный разговор to give smb. a call ≈ позвонить кому-л. to make a call to smb., place a call to smb. ≈ сделать телефонный звонок кому-л. to answer, return, take a call ≈ ответить на телефонный звонок business call ≈ деловой звонок conference call ≈ приглашение на конференцию local call ≈ местный звонок long-distance, trunk call ≈ междугородный телефонный вызов toll call ≈ амер.- телефонный разговор с пригородом;
междугородный телефонный разговор (за дополнительную плату) One call was for me. ≈ Один раз вызывали меня. Who will take her call? ≈ Кто ответит на ее звонок? The operator put my call right through. ≈ Телефонистка сразу же соединила меня (с нужным абонентом). collect call ≈ телефонный разговор, оплачиваемый абонентом, которому звонят dial-direct call ≈ прямой телефонный звонок direct-dialled call ≈ прямой телефонный звонок emergency call ≈ срочный телефонный звонок operator-assisted call ≈ звонок через телефониста transferred-charge call ≈ телефонный разговор, оплачиваемый абонентом, которому звонят
4) а) требование;
спрос He has many calls on his money. ≈ К нему постоянно обращаются за деньгами. Syn: demand
1. requisition
1., claim
1. б) коммерч. требование уплаты долга, очередного взноса и т. п.
5) долг;
необходимость, нужда You have no call to blush. ≈ Вам нечего краснеть. There is no call for such behavior. ≈ Такое поведение ничем не оправдано. call of duty ≈ чувство долга Syn: duty, need
1., occasion
1., right I
1.
6) призыв;
просьба There have been calls for a new kind of security arrangement. ≈ Раздавались призывы обновить меры безопасности. many calls for Christmas stories ≈ многочисленные просьбы рассказать рождественскую историю
7) перекличка;
время переклички Syn: roll-call
8) а) визит, посещение( обыкн. краткий) business call ≈ деловой визит courtesy call ≈ визит вежливости professional call ≈ вызов (врача, адвоката и т. п.) He decided to pay a call on Tommy. ≈ Он решил нанести визит Тому. to pay a call ≈ нанести визит б) заход( парохода в порт) ;
остановка( поезда на станции)
9) карт. объявление (козырной масти) ∙ at call ≈ наготове, к услугам within call ≈ поблизости on call
2. гл.
1) а) кричать;
окликать call for help ≈ взывать о помощи to call to one another ≈ перекликаться (друг с другом) to call the waiter over ≈ подозвать официанта He is in the next room, call him. ≈ Он в соседней комнате, крикни его. Did you call? ≈ Вы меня звали? he called to her ≈ он крикнул ей, он окликнул ее Syn: shout
2., cry
2. б) о животных, особ. о птицах - издавать характерные крики;
жужжать( о пчелах перед роением) в) призывать, созывать( горном и т. п.) г) карт. объявлять( козырную масть и т. п.)
2) звонить или говорить по телефону He called me from New York. ≈ Он позвонил мне (по телефону) из Нью-Йорка. we called them to say that... ≈ мы сообщили им по телефону, что... Did anyone call? ≈ Мне кто-нибудь звонил? to call back ≈ позвонить по телефону (в ответ на звонок), перезвонить I'll call you back. ≈ Я вам потом перезвоню.
3) выкрикивать( что-л. четким, громким голосом) ;
перекликать, вызывать( по именам, фамилиям) ;
провозглашать, объявлять;
оглашать to call out a command ≈ выкрикнуть команду to call the docket ≈ огласить список судебных дел Here the captain called a halt. ≈ В этом месте капитан объявил привал. to call the score ≈ спорт вести( объявлять) счет
4) а) звать, вызывать;
приглашать She called the children to dinner. ≈ Она позвала детей к обеду. The bell called to dinner. ≈ Звонок позвал к обеду. He screamed for his wife to call an ambulance. ≈ Он закричал, чтобы жена вызвала скорую помощь. б) юр. вызывать (в суд и т. п.) The child waited two hours before she was called to give evidence. ≈ Девочка ждал два часа, прежде чем ее вызвали для дачи показаний. to call (as) witness ≈ вызывать (в качестве) свидетеля to call the defendant ≈ вызывать ответчика в суд to call the plaintiff ≈ вызывать истца в суд to call in evidence ≈ вызывать в суд для дачи показаний в) перен. призывать в 'лучший' мир All the doctors can't save him. He's called. ≈ Ни один врач не сможет спасти его. Он обречен. г) охот. приманивать( птиц или животных специальными звуками) д) вызывать (воспоминание, образ и т. п.) ;
обращать (внимание) to call to mind, memory, remembrance ≈ припомнить, вспомнить to call smb.'s attention to smth. ≈ обращать чье-л. внимание на что-л. е) вызывать (актера) на сцену;
объявлять (о начале какой-л. части представления) He was called for the last act. ≈ Ему объявили, чтобы он был готов к последнему действию.
5) будить It's too early to call him. ≈ Еще рано его будить.
6) собирать, созывать (собрание и т. п.) A meeting has been called for Monday. ≈ Собрание было назначено на понедельник. to call an election ≈ назначить выборы to call the Parliament ≈ созывать парламент Syn: convene, convoke, summon
7) пригласить на должность пастора (пресвитерианской или нонконформистской церкви)
8) а) заходить, навещать, наносить визит to call at a house ≈ зайти в дом to call (up) on a person ≈ навестить кого-л. Have many visitors called to-day? ≈ Сколько сегодня заходило посетителей? б) заходить (в порт - о корабле) ;
останавливаться, делать краткую остановку (о поезде, автобусе и т. п.) The steamer calls at several ports along the way. ≈ По пути пароход заходит в несколько портов.
9) называть;
давать имя What is this flower called? ≈ Как называется этот цветок? What do you call this in English? ≈ Как это по-английски? He is called Tom. ≈ Его зовут Томом. The speech was interrupted by members of the Conservative Party, who called him a traitor. ≈ Речь была прервана членами партии консерваторов, которые назвали его предателем. He was called after his father. ≈ Его нарекли в честь отца. to call things by their proper names ≈ называть вещи своими именами to call names ≈ оскорблять, обзывать кого-л. Syn: name
2.
10) считать, полагать I call this a good house. ≈ Я нахожу, что это хороший дом. Do you call English an easy language? ≈ И вы считаете английский язык легким? I call that a shame. ≈ По-моему, это возмутительно. They call it ten miles. ≈ Считается, что здесь десять миль. He calls him his son. ≈ Он считает его своим сыном;
он относится к нему как к родному сыну. The results of the conference are called satisfactory. ≈ Считают, что конференция дала положительные результаты. Syn: reckon, consider ∙ call about call at call away call back call by call down call down on call for call forth call in call into call off call upon call out call over call round call to call together call up to call smb. over the coals ≈ ругать кого-л., делать кому-л. выговор you will be called over the coals for your conduct ≈ вам достанется /попадет/ за ваше поведение to have nothing to call one's own ≈ ничего не иметь, быть без средств deep calls unto deep библ. ≈ бездна бездну призывает to call into action ≈ приводить в действие to call into existence ≈ вызывать к жизни, создавать;
осуществлять;
приводить в действие to call off all bets ≈ умереть To Be Called For ≈ До востребования (надпись на конверте) крик - loud * громкий выкрик - * for help крик о помощи крик, голос (животного, птицы) - the * of the cuckoo крик кукушки - the * of the nightingale пение соловья зов;
оклик - within * поблизости, рядом, неподалеку;
в пределах слышимости - to be within * быть рядом;
быть при ком-л. (для выполнения поручения и т. п.) - out of * далеко;
вне пределов слышимости сигнал;
звонок;
свисток;
"дудка" (на корабле) ;
сбор (барабанный) - radio *, * sign /signal/ (радиотехника) позывной сигнал - distress * сигнал бедствия - * letters( радиотехника) позывные - * to quarters( военное) сигнал повестки (охота) манок, вабик( для приманки птиц) перекличка - * of the House перекличка (в алфавитном порядке) членов палаты общин (в Великобритании) или членов палаты представителей (в США) - * of the States (американизм) перекличка (в алфавитном порядке) штатов при голосовании на съезде партии призыв - a * for peaceful coexistence призыв к мирному сосуществованию - he answered the * of the country он откликнулся на призыв родины - * to arms призыв к оружию;
призыв под знамена вызов (в суд и т. п.) ;
(официальное) приглашение на работу, должность и т. п. - to issue a * to smb. to attend прислать кому-л. повестку о явке - to issue a * for a meeting to be held разослать извещение о том, что состоится собрание - he accepted the * to the chair of physics он принял предложение возглавить кафедру физики - * of the House вызов всех членов парламента (для голосования по важным вопросам) созыв (совещания и т. п.) (американизм) решение национального комитета партии о созыве съезда для выдвижения кандидатур телефонный вызов, звонок или разговор (тж. telephone *) - to make a * позвонить по телефону - to put a * through соединить( по телефону) - to take the * ответить на телефонный звонок;
взять трубку;
принять заказ, вызов и т7П. (по телефону) - he got /had, received/ a phone * ему позвонили (театроведение) вызов (аплодисментами на сцену) - to take a * выходить на аплодисменты, раскланиваться - she had nine *s ее вызывали девять раз, она девять раз выходила раскланиваться (театроведение) (американизм) прослушивание, репетиция( театроведение) объявление о времени репетиции зов;
тяга, влечение - the * of the wild зов природы - the * of nature( эвфмеизм) отправление естественных потребностей призвание - to feel a * to smth. чувствовать призвание /склонность/ к чему-л. визит, посещение;
приход - courtesy * визит вежливости - return * ответный визит - social * светский визит;
посещение знакомых;
(дипломатическое) протокольный визит - to make *s делать /наносить/ визиты - to pay a * нанести визит - to return smb. a * нанести кому-л. ответный визит - to receive a * принимать( гостя, посетителя) - to attend a professional * поехать на вызов - I have several *s to make мне нужно зайти в несколько мест заход (корабля в порт - place of * место захода остановка (поезда на станции) требование - at * наготове, к услугам, в (чьем-л.) распоряжении, под рукой - to be ready at * быть наготове /настороже/;
быть готовым сделать (что-л.) по первому требованию - on * по ребованию, по вызову - he has many *s on his money к нему постоянно обращаются за деньгами - I have too many *s on my time я слишком перегружен обязанностями, у меня совсем нет свободного времени - * of duty, at duty's * по долгу службы - merit beyond the * of duty проявленный героизм;
чувство долга (экономика) спрос (на товар) - to have the * пользоваться спросом( финансовое) (коммерческое) требование уплаты долга, очередного взноса и т. п. - on * на онкольном счете - loan at /on/ * money on * ссуда до востребования( военное) заявка, требование;
вызов - * for action боевая тревога;
призыв к действию /к борьбе/ - at /on/ * по вызову;
по требованию - * for men запрос на подкрепление в личном составе - * for fire вызов огня (своего) полномочие;
право - to have /to get/ a * upon smth. пользоваться( преимущественным) правом на что-л. - to have no * on smb. не иметь никаких прав на чью-л. помощь /поддержку/ - he had no * to do that он не имел права это делать нужда, необходимость - I don't know what * she had to blush so я не знаю, что заставило ее так покраснеть - there is no * for you to worry у вас нет никаких оснований тревожиться( биржевое) предварительная премия;
опцион;
сделка с предварительной премией (карточное) объявление (козырной масти) (церковное) предложение прихода, места пастора (компьютерное) вызов (подпрограммы), обращение( к подпрограмме) - recursive * рекурсивное обращение - subroutine * вызов подпрограммы, обращение к подпрограмме - * by pattern вызов по образцу > * to the bar присвоение звания барристера > a close * (американизм) опасное /рискованное/ положение;
на волосок от гибели > it was a close * еле-еле унес ноги, чудом спасся > as the *, so the echo (пословица) как аукнется, так и откликнется кричать, закричать - I thought I heard someone *ing мне показалось, что кто-то кричит - he *ed after her он крикнул ей вслед звать, позвать;
подозвать (тж. * over) ;
окликать - to * the waiter over подозвать официанта - he is in the next room, call him он в соседней комнате, позовите /кликните/ его - did you *? вы меня звали? - he *ed to her он крикнул ей /окликнул ее/ - the bell *ed to dinner звонок позвал к обеду будить;
разбудить - it's too early to * him еще рано его будить называть;
звать - what is this thing *ed? как называется этот предмет? - what do you * this flower? как называется этот цветок - what do you * this in English? как это по-английски? - she is *ed Mary ее зовут Мери - his name is Richard but everybody *s him Dick его имя Ричард, но все называют его Диком - he was *ed after his uncle его нарекли в честь дяди - to * things by their proper names называть вещи своими именами - to * smb. names оскорблять /обзывать/ кого-л. выкликать;
громко читать список и т. п. - when names were *ed во время переклички - to * a cause объявлять о слушании дела в (суде) созывать - to * meeting созвать собрание - to * Parliament созвать /собрать/ парламент вызвать;
звать (к себе), приглашать - to * a taxi вызвать такси - to * a doctor пригласить /вызвать/ врача - you will be the next *ed in следующим вызовут вас вызывать, давать сигнал, сигнализировать - the ship was * ing us by wireless судно вызывало нас по радио вызывать (откуда-л.;
тж. * out) - a shot *ed me out выстрел заставил меня выбежать из дома - the firebrigade was *ed out twice last night прошлой ночью пожарную команду вызывали два раза (юридическое) вызывать (в суд и т. п.) (on, upon, unto, to) призывать;
взывать, обращаться - to * on all honest people to support peace призывать всех честных людей отстаивать дело мира - to * to mind вспоминать, припоминать - I can't * her telephone number to mind я не могу вспомнить номер ее телефона - to * to order призвать к порядку - the chairman had to * the meeting to order председателю пришлось призвать собравшихся к порядку (американизм) открывать собрание - the meeting is *ed to order, I * the meeting to order объявляю собрание открытым - to * to witness ссылаться на кого-л.;
призывать кого-л. в свидетели;
(юридическое) вызывать /указывать/свидетеля - to * to account призывать к ответу;
привлечь к ответственности;
потребовать отчета /объяснений/ - to * to attention обращать (чье-л.) внимание на (что-л.) ;
(военное) дать команду "смирно" - to * to the gods взывать к богам - to * to penance( церковное) призывать к покаянию (on, upon) предоставлять слово;
вызывать на трибуну - the chairman *ed upon Mr. B. to speak председатель предоставил слово г-ну Б. - to speak without being *ed upon высказываться без приглашения или без предоставления слова (on,upon) вызывать учащегося ответить на вопрос преподавателя - the teacher always *ed on her first учитель всегда спрашивал ее первой (on, upon,to) pass быть призванным;
чувствовать призвание, потребность - to be * ed to smth. почувствовать призвание к чему-л. - he felt *ed upon to speak он счел необходимым выступить, он считал себя не вправе промолчать (on, upon, to) pass быть вынужденным объявлять;
оглашать - to * a strike объявлять забастовку - to * the banns огласить имена вступающих в брак, объявить о предстоящем бракосочетании - you * now (карточное) вам объявлять (масть и т. п.) (тж. * in, * by) (обыкн. in, at, on, round) навещать;
посещать, приходить в гости, с визитом;
заходить, заглядывать, завернуть( куда-л.) - I was out when he *ed когда он заходил, меня не было дома - * in this evening, if you can если можете, заходите сегодня вечером - I *ed on Mr. Smith at his office я посетил мистера Смита в его конторе - our new neighbours *ed at our hoese last week наши новые соседи приходили к нам /были у нас/ на прошлой неделе - the Ambassador *ed on the Foreign Minister посол нанес визит министру иностранных дел - * by (разговорное) заходить (ненадолго), заглядывать (к кому-л.) - I'll * by if you don't mind я зайду, если вы не возражаете - we are alone most of the time, very few people * by мы большей частью одни, у нас редко кто бывает (in, at) заходить (о корабле) - does this steamer * at Naples? этот пароход заходит в Неаполь? (in, at) останавливаться (о транспорте) - few trains * at A. редкий поезд останавливается в А. (for) заходить (за чем-л., кем-л.) - I'll * for you at six я зайду за вами в шесть( часов) - she will * for the parcel она зайдет за свертком - to be *ed for до востребования( надпись на письме) (громко) требовать - a man *ed for a glass of beer человек потребовал кружку пива - he *ed for help он позвал на помощь - the minister's resignation was *ed for by everybody все потребовали отставки министра требовать, нуждаться( в чем-л.) ;
предусматривать - your plan will * for a lot of money для осуществления вашего плана потребуется много денег - the occasion *s for quick action в данном случае требуется быстрота действий - the negotiations * for great tact переговоры требуют большого такта требоваться;
быть нужным, уместным - a correction is *ed for here тут требуется поправка - your remark was not *ed for ваше замечание было неуместно вызывать (актера) звонить или говорить по телефону - he *ed me from New York он позвонил мне (по телефону) из Нью-Йорка - we *ed them to say that... мы сообщили им по телефону, что... - did anyone *? мне кто-нибудь звонил? - to * back позвонить по телефону (в ответ на звонок) - I'll * you back я вам потом позвоню считать, рассматривать;
(пред) полагать - do you * English an easy langauge? и вы считаете английский язык легким? - I * this a very good house по-моему, это прекрасный дом - I * that a shame по-моему, это возмутительно - they * it ten miles считается, что здесь десять миль - he *s him his son он считает его своим сыном;
он относится к нему как к родному сыну - the results of the conference are *ed satisfactory считают, что конференция дала положительные результаты (шотландское) гнать (стадо, повозку и т. п.) ;
погонять, понукать( охота) вабить, приманивать птиц > to * in /into/ question, to * into doubt сомневаться, ставить под сомнение > to * into being создать, вызвать к жизни > the plant was *ed into being by war requirements завод был построен по военным соображениям > to * into play приводить в действие, пускать в ход > the case *ed every faculty of the doctor into play заболевание потребовало от врача напряжения всех его сил и способностей > it *s for a celebration! это (дело) надо отметить! > to * the score (спортивное) вести /объявлять/ счет > to * to the bar принимать (кого-л.) в корпорацию барристеров > to * in evidence вызывать в суд для дачи показаний > to * cousins набиваться в родственники > to * the tune /the play/ распоряжаться;
задавать тон > to * an election назначить выборы > to * it a day прекратить какое-л. дело > let's * it a day на сегодня хватит, пора кончать > to * it square удовлетвориться, примириться > to * off all bets (американизм) умереть > to * over the coals бранить, отчитывать > you will be *ed over the coals for your conduct вам достанется /попадет/ за ваше поведение > to * smb.'s bluff не позволить себя обмануть;
заставить( противника) раскрыть карты > deep *s unto deep (библеизм) бездна бездну призывает > to have nothing to * one's own не иметь гроша за душой;
ни кола ни двора ~ манок, дудка (птицелова) ;
call of duty чувство долга;
at call наготове, к услугам at ~ в распоряжении at ~ деньги до востребования at ~ к услугам at ~ наготове at ~ векс. по требованию attempted ~ пробный вызов authorized ~ вчт. разрешенный вызов authorized ~ вчт. санкционированный вызов bad ~ format вчт. неверный формат вызова to be called upon быть вынужденным call будить ~ взнос в оплату новых акций ~ визит, посещение;
to pay a call нанести визит ~ вчт. вызвать ~ вызов;
телефонный вызов;
one call was for me один раз вызывали меня ~ вчт. вызов ~ связь вызов ~ вызов в суд ~ вызывать, призывать;
созывать;
to call (smb.'s) attention (to smth.) обращать (чье-л.) внимание (на что-л.) ~ вчт. вызывать ~ связь вызывать ~ заход (парохода) в порт;
остановка (поезда) на станции ~ заходить, навещать;
to call at a house зайти в дом;
to call (up) on a person навестить (кого-л.) ~ звать;
окликать;
to call to one another перекликаться (друг с другом) ~ звонить по телефону ~ зов, оклик ~ крик (животного, птицы) ~ крик ~ манок, дудка (птицелова) ;
call of duty чувство долга;
at call наготове, к услугам ~ называть;
давать имя ~ называть ~ нужда, необходимость;
you have no call to blush вам нечего краснеть ~ нужда, необходимость ~ вчт. обращение ~ объявлять ~ опцион "колл" ~ перекличка ~ письменное обзятельство акционера ~ полномочие ~ посещать ~ право эмитента досрочно погасить ценные бумаги ~ приглашать ~ приглашение;
предложение (места, кафедры и т. п.) ~ призвание, влечение ~ призыв;
сигнал ~ призыв ~ распространять ~ сделка с премией ~ сигнал ~ считать;
I call this a good house я нахожу, что это хороший дом ~ телефонный вызов ~ телефонный звонок ~ требование;
спрос;
требование уплаты долга ~ требование ~ требование банка к заемщику о досрочном погашении кредита в связи с нарушением его условий ~ требовать ~ требовать уплаты ~ at останавливаться (где-л.) ~ заходить, навещать;
to call at a house зайти в дом;
to call (up) on a person навестить (кого-л.) ~ at a port заходить в порт ~ вызывать, призывать;
созывать;
to call (smb.'s) attention (to smth.) обращать (чье-л.) внимание (на что-л.) ~ away отзывать ~ back брать назад ~ back звать обратно ~ by name вчт. вызов по имени ~ by number вчт. вызов по номеру ~ by pattern вчт. вызов по образцу ~ by reference вчт. передача параметра по ссылке ~ by value вчт. передача параметра по значению ~ directing code вчт. код вызова ~ down навлекать ~ down оспаривать, отводить (довод и т. п.) ~ down порицать, делать выговор ~ for заходить (за кем-л.) ~ for обязывать ~ for предусматривать;
call forth вызывать, требовать;
this affair calls forth all his energy это дело потребует всей его энергии ~ for предусматривать ~ for требовать;
the situation called for drastic measures положение требовало принятия решительных мер;
letters to be called for письма до востребования ~ for требовать ~ for a vote ставить на голосование ~ for payment требовать оплаты ~ for redemption of loan требовать погашения ссуды ~ for repayment требовать погашения ~ for tenders требовать продажи с торгов ~ for предусматривать;
call forth вызывать, требовать;
this affair calls forth all his energy это дело потребует всей его энергии ~ in аннулировать ~ in вызывать ~ in выкупать ~ in изымать из обращения( денежные знаки) ~ in изымать из обращения ~ in инкассировать ~ in потребовать назад( долг) ~ in приглашать ~ in призывать на военную службу ~ in требовать возврата ~ in требовать уплаты ~ in aid обращаться за помощью ~ in preference shares изымать из обращения привилегированные акции ~ in preferred stocks изымать из обращения привилегированные акции to ~ in question подвергать сомнению question!: to call in ~ подвергать сомнению;
возражать;
требовать доказательств;
to make no question of не сомневаться;
вполне допускать ~ into: to ~ into existence( или being) вызывать к жизни, создавать;
осуществлять;
приводить в действие to ~ it a day прекратить (что-л.) ;
I'm tired, let's call it a day я устал, пора кончать day: to call it a ~ быть довольным достигнутыми результатами call it a ~ прекращать дело to call it a ~ считать дело законченным;
let us call it a day на сегодня хватит to ~ it square удовлетворяться, примиряться square: to call it ~ расквитаться, рассчитаться to ~ names ругать(-ся) name: name (обыкн. pl) брань;
to call names ругать(ся) ;
to take (smb.'s) name in vain клясться, божиться;
поминать имя всуе ~ манок, дудка (птицелова) ;
call of duty чувство долга;
at call наготове, к услугам ~ off отвлекать( внимание) ~ off отвлекать ~ off отзывать;
отменять;
прекращать;
откладывать, переносить;
the game was called off игру отложили ~ off отзывать ~ off отменять ~ on взывать, апеллировать ~ on звонить по телефону (кому-л.) ~ on приглашать высказаться;
the chairman called on the next speaker председатель предоставил слово следующему оратору ~ upon = call on on: call ~ апеллировать call ~ обращаться call ~ предоставлять слово call ~ призывать ~ on a case затребовать дело ~ заходить, навещать;
to call at a house зайти в дом;
to call (up) on a person навестить (кого-л.) ~ on shares требование об уплате взноса за акции ~ out вызывать;
to call out for training призывать на учебный сбор ~ out вызывать ~ out вызывать на дуэль ~ out выкрикивать;
кричать ~ out вызывать;
to call out for training призывать на учебный сбор ~ over делать перекличку to ~ (smb.) over the coals ругать (кого-л.), делать (кому-л.) выговор coal: ~ уголек;
to call (или to haul) over the coals делать выговор;
давать нагоняй ~ to: to ~ to account призвать к ответу;
потребовать объяснения;
to call to attention воен. скомандовать "смирно" ~ to: to ~ to account призвать к ответу;
потребовать объяснения;
to call to attention воен. скомандовать "смирно" to ~ to mind (или memory, remembrance) припомнить, вспомнить ~ звать;
окликать;
to call to one another перекликаться (друг с другом) to ~ to order открыть собрание to ~ to order призвать к порядку order: ~ порядок;
спокойствие;
to keep order соблюдать порядок;
to call to order призвать к порядку ;
order!, order! к порядку! ~ of the day мода, модное течение( в искусстве, литературе и т. п.) ;
to call to order амер. открыть (собрание) ;
on a point of order к порядку ведения собрания ~ to subroutine вчт. обращение к подпрограмме ~ to the bar предоставление права адвокатской практики ~ to the bar прием в адвокатуру ~ to the bar присвоение звания барристера ~ together созывать ~ up вызывать (по телефону) ~ up вызывать в памяти ~ up вызывать по телефону ~ up звать наверх ~ up вчт. звонить по телефону ~ up представлять на рассмотрение (законопроект и т. п.) ~ up призывать (на военную службу) ~ up призывать на военную службу ~ upon = call on upon: call ~ апеллировать call ~ обращаться call ~ предоставлять слово call ~ призывать call ~ чувствовать потребность ~ on приглашать высказаться;
the chairman called on the next speaker председатель предоставил слово следующему оратору cold ~ предложение сделки без предварительного представления продукции collect ~ связь оплаченный вызов conference ~ связь циркулярный вызов far ~ вчт. дальний вызов first ~ бирж. первый взнос first ~ бирж. требование первого взноса forward a ~ отправлять вызов function ~ вчт. вызов функции function ~ вчт. обращение к функции ~ off отзывать;
отменять;
прекращать;
откладывать, переносить;
the game was called off игру отложили graphic ~ вчт. графическое представление to have nothing to ~ one's own ничего не иметь, быть без средств;
= ни кола ни двора house ~ посещение на дому (например, визит врача на дом) ~ считать;
I call this a good house я нахожу, что это хороший дом to ~ it a day прекратить (что-л.) ;
I'm tired, let's call it a day я устал, пора кончать implied ~ вчт. неявное обращение interrupt ~ вчт. вызов по прерыванию interurban ~ междугородный телефонный вызов invalid ~ вчт. неверное обращение junction ~ тел. пригородный разговор to ~ it a day прекратить (что-л.) ;
I'm tired, let's call it a day я устал, пора кончать ~ for требовать;
the situation called for drastic measures положение требовало принятия решительных мер;
letters to be called for письма до востребования library ~ вчт. обращение к библиотеке load overlay ~ вчт. вызов загрузки перекрытия local ~ местный телефонный вызов long-distance ~ междугородный телефонный разговор lost ~ вчт. безуспешное обращение macro ~ вчт. макрокоманда margin ~ требование о внесении дополнительного обеспечения money at ~ онкольная ссуда money at ~ ссуда до востребования nested ~s вчт. вложенные вызовы nested macro ~ вчт. вложенный микровызов object ~ вчт. вызов объекта official ~ официальный звонок on ~ ком. на онкольном счете on ~ по требованию, по вызову ~ вызов;
телефонный вызов;
one call was for me один раз вызывали меня ~ визит, посещение;
to pay a call нанести визит procedure ~ вчт. вызов процедуры put and ~ бирж. двойной опцион put and ~ бирж. стеллажная сделка qualified ~ вчт. ограниченное обращение qualified ~ вчт. уточненный вызов recursive ~ вчт. рекурсивное обращение remote procedure ~ вчт. дистанционный вызов reversed charges ~ заранее оплаченный междугородный разговор roll ~ перекличка roll ~ поименное голосование share ~ проедложение делать заявку на покупку акций ~ for требовать;
the situation called for drastic measures положение требовало принятия решительных мер;
letters to be called for письма до востребования subroutine ~ вчт. вызов подпрограммы supervisor ~ вчт. обращение к супервизору supplementary ~ дополнительный заход в порт system ~ вчт. обращение к операционной системе system ~ вчт. системный вызов telephone ~ телефонный вызов telephone ~ телефонный звонок ~ for предусматривать;
call forth вызывать, требовать;
this affair calls forth all his energy это дело потребует всей его энергии ~ into: to ~ into existence (или being) вызывать к жизни, создавать;
осуществлять;
приводить в действие ~ to: to ~ to account призвать к ответу;
потребовать объяснения;
to call to attention воен. скомандовать "смирно" toll ~ амер. междугородный телефонный разговор toll ~ телефонный разговор с пригородом trunk ~ связь междугородный телефонный вызов unsuccessful ~ безуспешная попытка дозвониться value ~ вчт. вызов значения virtual ~ вчт. виртуальный вызов within ~ поблизости ~ нужда, необходимость;
you have no call to blush вам нечего краснеть -
10 force
1.[fɔːs]noun1) no pl. (strength, power) Stärke, die; (of bomb, explosion, attack, storm) Wucht, die; (physical strength) Kraft, dieachieve something by brute force — etwas mit roher Gewalt erreichen
by force of — auf Grund (+ Gen.)
come into force — [Gesetz usw.:] in Kraft treten
put in[to] force — in Kraft setzen
use or employ force [against somebody] — Gewalt [gegen jemanden] anwenden
by force — gewaltsam; mit Gewalt
4) (organized group) (of workers) Kolonne, die; Trupp, der; (of police) Einheit, die; (Mil.) Armee, diethe forces — die Armee
there are forces in action/at work here... — hier walten Kräfte/sind Kräfte am Werk...
he is a force in the land (fig.)/a force to be reckoned with — er ist ein einflussreicher Mann im Land/eine Macht, die nicht zu unterschätzen ist
6) (meaning) Bedeutung, die7) (Phys.) Kraft, die2. transitive verb1) zwingenforce somebody/oneself [to do something] — jemanden/sich zwingen[, etwas zu tun]
be forced to do something — gezwungen sein od. sich gezwungen sehen, etwas zu tun
I was forced to accept/into accepting the offer — (felt obliged) ich fühlte mich verpflichtet, das Angebot anzunehmen
force somebody's hand — (fig.) jemanden zwingen zu handeln
2) (take by force)he forced it out of her hands — er riss es ihr aus der Hand
force a confession from somebody — (fig.) jemanden zu einem Geständnis zwingen
3) (push)force something into something — etwas in etwas (Akk.) [hinein]zwängen
force something [up]on somebody — jemandem etwas aufzwingen od. aufnötigen
5) (break open)force [open] — aufbrechen
6) (effect by violent means) sich (Dat.) erzwingen [Zutritt]force one's way in[to a building] — sich (Dat.) mit Gewalt Zutritt [zu einem Gebäude] verschaffen
7) (produce with effort) sich zwingen zuPhrasal Verbs:- force up* * *[fo:s] 1. noun1) (strength or power that can be felt: the force of the wind.) die Kraft2) (a person or thing that has great power: the forces of Nature.) die Kraft3) ((sometimes with capital) a group of men prepared for action: the police force; the Royal Air Force.) die Truppe2. verb1) (to make (someone or something) do something, go somewhere etc, often against his etc will: He forced me to give him money.) zwingen2) (to achieve by strength or effort: He forced a smile despite his grief.) erzwingen•- forced- forceful
- forcefully
- forces
- in
- into force* * *[fɔ:s, AM fɔ:rs]I. nshe slapped his face with unexpected \force sie versetzte ihm eine unerwartet kräftige Ohrfeigeby \force of arms mit Waffengewaltthe \force of an earthquake/a hurricane die Stärke eines Erdbebens/Wirbelsturmswith full \force mit voller Wuchtto use \force Gewalt anwendenby \force gewaltsam, mit Gewaltunder the \force of circumstances unter dem Zwang der Verhältnisse\force of attraction Anziehungsvermögen nt\force of current Stromstärke f\force of gravity Schwerkraft f, Erdanziehungskraft f\force of inertia Trägheitskraft f▪ in \force in großer Zahlthe \force of sb's arguments jds Überzeugungskraft f\force of habit die Macht der Gewohnheitfrom \force of habit aus reiner Gewohnheithe was a powerful \force in politics er war ein einflussreicher Mann in der Politikthe \forces of evil die Mächte des Bösento have the \force of law rechtsverbindlich seinto be in/come [or be brought] into \force in Kraft sein/tretento put sth in[to] \force etw in Kraft setzenpolice \force Polizei fair \force Luftwaffe flabour \force Arbeitskräfte plarmed \forces Streitkräfte pl10.▶ to combine [or join] \forces zusammenhelfenwith combined \forces mit vereinten Kräften▶ by sheer \force of numbers aufgrund zahlenmäßiger ÜberlegenheitII. vt1. (compel)▪ to \force sb/oneself [to do sth] jdn/sich zwingen [etw zu tun]to \force sb out of the car jdn zwingen auszusteigento \force sb out of the house jdn zwingen das Haus zu verlassento \force sb to the floor jdn zu Boden zwingen▪ to be \forced to do sth gezwungen werden etw zu tun; (feel the necessity) gezwungen sein etw zu tun; (feel obliged) sich akk gezwungen sehen etw zu tun▪ to \force sb into doing sth jdn [dazu] zwingen, etw zu tunthe \forced us into the cellar sie zwangen uns in den Keller [zu gehen]to \force sb into the car jdn [dazu] zwingen, einzusteigen [o in den Wagen zu steigen]to \force sb into prostitution/resignation jdn zur Prostitution/zum Rücktritt zwingen2.▪ to \force sth etw erzwingenthe burglar \forced an entry der Einbrecher verschaffte sich mit Gewalt Zutrittto \force a confession out of sb jdn zu einem Geständnis zwingen, ein Geständnis von jdm erzwingento \force a smile gezwungen lächeln, sich akk zu einem Lächeln zwingento \force one's way into/through/out of sth sich dat seinen Weg in/durch etw akk /aus etw dat bahnento \force words out of sb jdm die Worte aus der Nase ziehen fam4. (make accept)▪ to \force sth on sb jdm etw aufzwingen5. (push, squeeze)to \force a nail into a wall einen Nagel in eine Wand treiben6. LAW7. (open)to \force a door/a lock eine Tür/ein Schloss aufbrechento \force a zip einen Reißverschluss mit Gewalt öffnen8. (make grow faster)to \force fruits/vegetables Früchte/Gemüse treiben fachspr\forced salad getriebener Salat fachspr9.▶ to \force sb's hand jdn zum Handeln zwingen▶ to \force an issue eine Entscheidung erzwingen▶ to \force the pace das Tempo forcieren* * *[fɔːs]1. n1) no pl (= physical strength, power) Kraft f; (of blow, impact, collision) Wucht f; (= physical coercion) Gewalt f; (PHYS) Kraft fthe force of the wind was so great he could hardly stand — der Wind war so stark, dass er kaum stehen konnte
they were there in force —
2) no pl (fig) (of argument) Überzeugungskraft f; (of music, phrase) Eindringlichkeit f; (of character) Stärke f; (of words) Macht fthe force of circumstances —
I see the force of what he is saying — ich sehe ein, was er sagt, ist zwingend
3) (= powerful thing, person) Macht fhe is a powerful force in the reform movement — er ist ein einflussreicher Mann in der Reformbewegung
See:→ life force4)See:5)to come into/be in force — in Kraft treten/sein
2. vt1) (= compel) zwingento force sb/oneself to do sth — jdn/sich zwingen, etw zu tun
he was forced to conclude that... — er sah sich zu der Folgerung gezwungen or gedrängt, dass...
2) (= extort, obtain by force) erzwingento force an error (Sport) — einen Fehler erzwingen, den Gegner ausspielen
3)to force sth ( up)on sb (present, one's company) — jdm etw aufdrängen; conditions, obedience jdm etw auferlegen; conditions, decision, war jdm etw aufzwingen
he forced himself on her (sexually) — er tat ihr Gewalt an
4) (= break open) aufbrechento force (an) entry — sich (dat) gewaltsam Zugang or Zutritt verschaffen
5)(= push, squeeze)
to force books into a box — Bücher in eine Kiste zwängenthe liquid is forced up the tube by a pump — die Flüssigkeit wird von einer Pumpe durch das Rohr nach oben gepresst
if it won't open/go in, don't force it — wenn es nicht aufgeht/passt, wende keine Gewalt an
to force one's way into sth — sich (dat) gewaltsam Zugang zu etw or in etw (acc)
to force one's way through — sich (dat) gewaltsam einen Weg bahnen
6) plants treiben7)(= produce with effort)
to force a smile — gezwungen lächeln* * *A s1. Stärke f, Kraft f, Wucht f (auch fig):force of gravity PHYS Schwerkraft;by force of arms mit Waffengewalt;a) sich zusammentun ( with mit),2. fig (auch politische etc) Kraft:forces of nature Naturkräfte, -gewalten3. Gewalt f:by force gewaltsam, mit Gewalt ( → A 4)by force zwangsweise ( → A 3);the force of circumstances der Zwang der Verhältnissebe in force in Kraft sein, gelten;6. Einfluss m, Macht f, Wirkung f, (Durchschlags-, Überzeugungs)Kraft f, Nachdruck m:lend force to Nachdruck verleihen (dat);the force of habit die Macht der Gewohnheit;from force of habit aus Gewohnheit7. (geistige oder moralische) Kraft9. umg Menge f:10. MILa) oft pl Streit-, Kriegsmacht fb) pl (Gesamt)Streitkräfte plc) pl Truppe f, Verband m11. Truppe f, Mannschaft f:a strong force of police ein starkes Polizeiaufgebot;B v/t1. zwingen, nötigen:force sb to resign jemanden zum Rücktritt zwingen;force sb’s hand jemanden zu handeln zwingen;we were forced to listen to their argument wir mussten uns (notgedrungen) ihren Streit mit anhören2. etwas erzwingen, durchsetzen, -drücken:force a smile gezwungen oder gequält lächeln, sich zu einem Lächeln zwingen, sich ein Lächeln abquälen;force sth from sb etwas von jemandem erzwingen;3. zwängen, drängen, drücken, pressen:force back (out, together) zurücktreiben (herausdrücken, zusammenpressen);she forced back her tears sie unterdrückte die Tränen;force down sein Essen hinunterwürgen;force one’s way into sich gewaltsam Zutritt verschaffen zu;force sb to the left jemanden nach links abdrängen;an idea forced itself into my mind ein Gedanke drängte sich mir auf6. aufzwingen, -drängen, -nötigen ( alle:sth [up]on sb jemandem etwas):force o.s. on sb sich jemandem aufdrängen7. überwältigen8. MIL erstürmen, erobern10. jemandem, auch einer Frau, auch fig dem Sinn etc Gewalt antun11. fig einen Ausdruck etc zu Tode reiten, zerreden12. das Tempo beschleunigen, forcieren14. (an)treibenF abk1. Fahrenheit3. French* * *1.[fɔːs]noun1) no pl. (strength, power) Stärke, die; (of bomb, explosion, attack, storm) Wucht, die; (physical strength) Kraft, diein force — (in large numbers) mit einem großen Aufgebot (see also b)
by force of — auf Grund (+ Gen.)
in force — (in effect) in Kraft
come into force — [Gesetz usw.:] in Kraft treten
put in[to] force — in Kraft setzen
3) (coercion, violence) Gewalt, dieuse or employ force [against somebody] — Gewalt [gegen jemanden] anwenden
by force — gewaltsam; mit Gewalt
4) (organized group) (of workers) Kolonne, die; Trupp, der; (of police) Einheit, die; (Mil.) Armee, diethere are forces in action/at work here... — hier walten Kräfte/sind Kräfte am Werk...
he is a force in the land (fig.)/a force to be reckoned with — er ist ein einflussreicher Mann im Land/eine Macht, die nicht zu unterschätzen ist
6) (meaning) Bedeutung, die7) (Phys.) Kraft, die2. transitive verb1) zwingenforce somebody/oneself [to do something] — jemanden/sich zwingen[, etwas zu tun]
be forced to do something — gezwungen sein od. sich gezwungen sehen, etwas zu tun
I was forced to accept/into accepting the offer — (felt obliged) ich fühlte mich verpflichtet, das Angebot anzunehmen
force somebody's hand — (fig.) jemanden zwingen zu handeln
force a confession from somebody — (fig.) jemanden zu einem Geständnis zwingen
3) (push)force something into something — etwas in etwas (Akk.) [hinein]zwängen
4) (impose, inflict)force something [up]on somebody — jemandem etwas aufzwingen od. aufnötigen
5) (break open)force [open] — aufbrechen
6) (effect by violent means) sich (Dat.) erzwingen [Zutritt]force one's way in[to a building] — sich (Dat.) mit Gewalt Zutritt [zu einem Gebäude] verschaffen
7) (produce with effort) sich zwingen zuPhrasal Verbs:- force up* * *n.Gewalt -en f.Kraft ¨-e f.Macht ¨-e f.Stärke -n f.Wirkung -en f.Zwang ¨-e m. v.erzwingen v.forcieren v.zwingen v.(§ p.,pp.: zwang, gezwungen) -
11 Santana Lopes, Pedro Miguel de
(1956-)Portuguese lawyer and politician, and prime minister (2004-05). Born in Lisbon in 1956, Santana Lopes took a law degree from the University of Lisbon and was a Student Union leader. In 1976, he joined the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and became a legal advisor to Prime Minister Francisco Sá Carneiro. Santana Lopes has always considered himself a follower of the late Sá Carneiro. In 1986, he became assistant state secretary to Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva, and the following year was elected to the European Parliament, in which he served for two years. In 1991, Cavaco Silva named him secretary of state for culture. He served in various other posts, including mayor of Lisbon, and he founded a weekly newspaper, Semanário.In 1998, Santana Lopes withdrew from politics after being negatively depicted in a private television station comic sketch. Instead, he continued in politics and rose to the vice-presidency of the PSD. José Manuel Durão Barroso resigned in July 2004 to become president of the European Commission, and Santana Lopes became PSD leader. Since his party was the major partner in the governing coalition at this time and Barroso had resigned his post, Santana Lopes succeeded him.Santana Lopes' brief premiership was fraught with difficulties. The national economy was in a crisis, and there were frequent cabinet shuffles, factionalism among PSD leaders, and questions being raised about the competence of Santana Lopes to govern effectively. President Jorge Sampaio called a parliamentary election for February 2005, following the resignation of the minister of sport from the cabinet and that minister's attacks on the prime minister's conduct. The Socialist Party (PS) under José Sócrates won the election, and Santana Lopes left office to resume his post as mayor of Lisbon. Santana Lopes, however, after in-fighting with his party and following the party's failure to endorse him as a candidate for the upcoming municipal elections, resigned this post one month before the election of February 2005.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Santana Lopes, Pedro Miguel de
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12 Socialist Party / Partido Socialista
(PS)Although the Socialist Party's origins can be traced back to the 1850s, its existence has not been continuous. The party did not achieve or maintain a large base of support until after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. Historically, it played only a minor political role when compared to other European socialist parties.During the Estado Novo, the PS found it difficult to maintain a clandestine existence, and the already weak party literally withered away. Different groups and associations endeavored to keep socialist ideals alive, but they failed to create an organizational structure that would endure. In 1964, Mário Soares, Francisco Ramos da Costa, and Manuel Tito de Morais established the Portuguese Socialist Action / Acção Socialista Português (ASP) in Geneva, a group of individuals with similar views rather than a true political party. Most members were middle-class professionals committed to democratizing the nation. The rigidity of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) led some to join the ASP.By the early 1970s, ASP nuclei existed beyond Portugal in Paris, London, Rome, Brussels, Frankfurt, Sweden, and Switzerland; these consisted of members studying, working, teaching, researching, or in other activities. Extensive connections were developed with other foreign socialist parties. Changing conditions in Portugal, as well as the colonial wars, led several ASP members to advocate the creation of a real political party, strengthening the organization within Portugal, and positioning this to compete for power once the regime changed.The current PS was founded clandestinely on 19 April 1973, by a group of 27 exiled Portuguese and domestic ASP representatives at the Kurt Schumacher Academy of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Bad Munstereifel, West Germany. The founding philosophy was influenced by nondogmatic Marxism as militants sought to create a classless society. The rhetoric was to be revolutionary to outflank its competitors, especially the PCP, on its left. The party hoped to attract reform-minded Catholics and other groups that were committed to democracy but could not support the communists.At the time of the 1974 revolution, the PS was little more than an elite faction based mainly among exiles. It was weakly organized and had little grassroots support outside the major cities and larger towns. Its organization did not improve significantly until the campaign for the April 1975 constituent elections. Since then, the PS has become very pragmatic and moderate and has increasingly diluted its socialist program until it has become a center-left party. Among the party's most consistent principles in its platform since the late 1970s has been its support for Portugal's membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Union (EU), a view that clashed with those of its rivals to the left, especially the PCP. Given the PS's broad base of support, the increased distance between its leftist rhetoric and its more conservative actions has led to sharp internal divisions in the party. The PS and the Social Democratic Party (PSD) are now the two dominant parties in the Portuguese political party system.In doctrine and rhetoric the PS has undergone a de-Marxification and a movement toward the center as a means to challenge its principal rival for hegemony, the PSD. The uneven record of the PS in general elections since its victory in 1975, and sometimes its failure to keep strong legislative majorities, have discouraged voters. While the party lost the 1979 and 1980 general elections, it triumphed in the 1983 elections, when it won 36 percent of the vote, but it still did not gain an absolute majority in the Assembly of the Republic. The PSD led by Cavaco Silva dominated elections from 1985 to 1995, only to be defeated by the PS in the 1995 general elections. By 2000, the PS had conquered the commanding heights of the polity: President Jorge Sampaio had been reelected for a second term, PS prime minister António Guterres was entrenched, and the mayor of Lisbon was João Soares, son of the former socialist president, Mário Soares (1986-96).The ideological transformation of the PS occurred gradually after 1975, within the context of a strong PSD, an increasingly conservative electorate, and the de-Marxification of other European Socialist parties, including those in Germany and Scandinavia. While the PS paid less attention to the PCP on its left and more attention to the PSD, party leaders shed Marxist trappings. In the 1986 PS official program, for example, the text does not include the word Marxism.Despite the party's election victories in the mid- and late-1990s, the leadership discovered that their grasp of power and their hegemony in governance at various levels was threatened by various factors: President Jorge Sampaio's second term, the constitution mandated, had to be his last.Following the defeat of the PS by the PSD in the municipal elections of December 2001, Premier Antônio Guterres resigned his post, and President Sampaio dissolved parliament and called parliamentary elections for the spring. In the 17 March 2002 elections, following Guterres's resignation as party leader, the PS was defeated by the PSD by a vote of 40 percent to 38 percent. Among the factors that brought about the socialists' departure from office was the worsening post-September 11 economy and disarray within the PS leadership circles, as well as charges of corruption among PS office holders. However, the PS won 45 percent of the vote in parliamentary elections of 2005, and the leader of the party, José Sócrates, a self-described "market-oriented socialist" became prime minister.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Socialist Party / Partido Socialista
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13 first
first [fɜ:st]premier ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (c) tout de suite ⇒ 1 (b) le premier ⇒ 2 (a), 3 d'abord ⇒ 2 (b) pour la première fois ⇒ 2 (c) première ⇒ 3 (b), 3 (f)(a) (in series) premier;∎ the first few days les deux ou trois premiers jours;∎ the first six months les six premiers mois;∎ Louis the First Louis Premier ou Ier;∎ one hundred and first cent unième;∎ to be first in the queue être le (la) premier(ère) de la queue;∎ I'm first je suis ou c'est moi le premier;∎ she was first in English Literature elle était première en littérature anglaise;∎ she's in first place (in race) elle est en tête;∎ to win first prize gagner le premier prix;∎ this is the first time I've been to New York c'est la première fois que je viens à New York;∎ Cars first gear première f (vitesse f);∎ put the car into first gear passe la première (vitesse);∎ British first year University première année f; School sixième f;∎ British a first-year university student un étudiant de première année à l'université;∎ I learnt of it at first hand je l'ai appris de la bouche de l'intéressé/l'intéressée, c'est lui-même/elle-même qui me l'a appris;∎ I learned of her resignation at first hand c'est elle-même qui m'a appris sa démission;∎ I haven't (got) the first idea je n'en ai pas la moindre idée;∎ I don't know the first thing about cars je n'y connais absolument rien en voitures;∎ I'll pick you up first thing (in the morning) je passerai te chercher demain matin à la première heure;∎ I'm not at my best first thing in the morning je ne suis pas au mieux de ma forme très tôt le matin;∎ there's a first time for everything il y a un début à tout;∎ to be the first person to do sth être le (la) premier(ère) à faire qch(b) (immediately) tout de suite;∎ first thing after lunch tout de suite après le déjeuner;∎ literary she's past her first youth elle n'est plus de la première jeunesse(c) (most important → duty, concern) premier;∎ the first priority la priorité des priorités;∎ to put first things first commencer par le commencement;∎ first things first! prenons les choses dans l'ordre!;∎ to go back to first principles repartir sur des bases saines2 adverb(a) (before the others → arrive, leave, speak) le (la) premier(ère), en premier;∎ I saw it first! c'est moi qui l'ai vu le (la) premier(ère) ou en premier!;∎ you go first vas-y en premier;∎ ladies first les dames d'abord;∎ women and children first les femmes et les enfants d'abord;∎ Administration last in, first out dernier entré, premier sorti;∎ her career comes first sa carrière passe d'abord ou avant tout;∎ I've never come first with you, have I? tu ne m'as jamais fait passer avant le reste, n'est-ce pas?;∎ to put one's family first faire passer sa famille d'abord ou avant tout;∎ proverb first come first served les premiers arrivés sont les premiers servis;∎ tickets were handed out on a first come first served basis les billets ont été distribués par ordre d'arrivée(b) (firstly, before anything else) d'abord;∎ first, I want to say thank you tout d'abord, je voudrais vous remercier, je voudrais d'abord vous remercier;∎ first prepare the meat préparez d'abord la viande;∎ I need to go to the lavatory first il faut d'abord que j'aille aux toilettes;∎ what should I do first? qu'est-ce que je dois faire en premier?;∎ first hear the arguments, then make up your mind écoutez d'abord les arguments, ensuite vous vous déciderez;∎ she says first one thing then another elle dit d'abord une chose, et puis une autre;∎ I'm a mother first and a wife second je suis une mère avant d'être une épouse∎ we first met in London nous nous sommes rencontrés à Londres;∎ when I first knew him quand je l'ai connu(d) (sooner, rather)∎ I'd die first plutôt mourir;∎ familiar I'll see him damned first or in hell first j'aimerais bien voir ça3 noun∎ the first le (la) premier(ère);∎ he was among the first to realise il a été parmi les premiers à s'en rendre compte;∎ we were the very first to arrive nous sommes arrivés les tout premiers;∎ she was the first in our family to go to university c'était la première de la famille à aller à l'université;∎ he came in an easy first (in race) il est arrivé premier haut la main(b) (achievement) première f;∎ that's a notable first for France c'est une grande première pour la France∎ the first we heard/knew of it was when... nous en avons entendu parler pour la première fois/l'avons appris quand...;∎ it's the first I've heard of it! première nouvelle!∎ the first of May/the month le premier mai/du mois∎ he got a first in economics ≃ il a eu mention très bien en économie;∎ she got a double first in French and Russian ≃ elle a eu mention très bien en français et en russe∎ in first en première;∎ to put the car into first se mettre en première, passer la première∎ first of exchange première f de changeau débutd'abord et surtoutavant touttout d'abord, pour commencerfamiliar pour commencer□du début à la findès le débutd'abord;∎ apply in the first instance to the personnel department adressez d'abord votre demande au service du personnel(a) (referring to a past action) d'abord;∎ why did you do it in the first place? et puis d'abord, pourquoi as-tu fait cela?;∎ I don't understand why he married her in the first place d'abord, je ne comprends pas ce qui a bien pu le pousser à se marier avec elle(b) (introducing an argument) d'abord;∎ in the first place... and in the second place d'abord... et ensuite►► first aid1 noun(UNCOUNT) (technique) secourisme m; (attention) premiers soins mpl;∎ does anyone know any first aid? quelqu'un s'y connaît-il en secourisme?;∎ to give/to receive first aid donner/recevoir les premiers soins(class, manual) de secourisme;first aid box trousse f à pharmacie;first aid certificate brevet m de secourisme;first aid kit trousse f à pharmacie;British first aid post, first aid station poste m de secours;American the First Amendment le premier amendement (de la Constitution des États-Unis garantissant les libertés individuelles du citoyen américain, notamment la liberté d'expression);first cousin cousin(e) m,f germain(e);British first eleven (in soccer, cricket) = les onze meilleurs joueurs sélectionnés pour former l'équipe la plus forte dans un club;American the First Family (presidential family) la famille présidentielle; (in a State) la famille du gouverneur;Sport first half première mi-temps f;First Lady (in US) = femme du président des États-Unis;∎ figurative the first lady of rock/of the detective novel la grande dame du rock/du roman policier;first language langue f maternelle;first love premier amour m;Nautical first mate second m;Politics First Minister (of Scottish Parliament) Premier ministre m;first name prénom m;∎ to be on first name terms with sb appeler qn par son prénom;Theatre first night première f;Law first offender délinquant(e) m,f primaire;Nautical first officer second m;Theatre first performance première f;Grammar first person première personne f;∎ in the first person à la première personne;first principle principe m fondamental ou de base;Finance first quarter (of financial year) premier trimestre m;first refusal préférence f;∎ to give sb first refusal on sth donner la préférence à qn pour qch;∎ I promised Nadine first refusal j'ai promis à Nadine que je lui donnerais la préférence;Cinema first showing première exclusivité f;American the First State = surnom donné au Delaware;Sport first string les meilleurs joueurs mpl (d'une équipe);Sport first team (équipe f) première f;Music first violin (person, instrument) premier violon m;the First World les pays mpl industrialisés;the First World War la Première Guerre mondiale -
14 call
1. [kɔ:l] n1. крик2. крик, голос (животного, птицы)3. зов; окликwithin call - поблизости, рядом, неподалёку; в пределах слышимости
to be within call - быть рядом; быть при ком-л. (для выполнения поручения и т. п.)
out of call - далеко; вне пределов слышимости
4. 1) сигнал; звонок; свисток; «дудка» ( на корабле); сбор ( барабанный)radio call, call sign /signal/ - радио позывной сигнал
call letters - радио позывные
call to quarters - воен. сигнал повестки
2) охот. манок, вабик ( для приманки птиц)5. перекличкаcall of the House - перекличка ( в алфавитном порядке) членов палаты общин ( в Великобритании) или членов палаты представителей ( в США) [см. тж. 7, 1)]
call of the States - амер. перекличка ( в алфавитном порядке) штатов при голосовании на съезде партии
6. призывcall to arms - призыв к оружию; призыв под знамёна
7. 1) вызов (в суд и т. п.); (официальное) приглашение на работу, должность и т. п., предложение занять должность и т. п.to issue a call to smb. to attend - прислать кому-л. повестку о явке
to issue a call for a meeting to be held - разослать извещение о том, что состоится собрание
he accepted the call to the chair of physics - он принял предложение возглавить кафедру физики
2) созыв (совещания и т. п.)3) амер. решение национального комитета партии о созыве съезда для выдвижения кандидатур8. телефонный вызов, звонок или разговор (тж. telephone call)to make a call - позвонить по телефону [ср. тж. 11, 1)]
to take the call - а) ответить на телефонный звонок, взять трубку; б) принять заказ, вызов и т. п. (по телефону)
he got /had received/ a phone call - ему позвонили
9. театр.1) вызов ( аплодисментами на сцену)to take a call - выходить на аплодисменты, раскланиваться
she had nine calls - её вызывали девять раз, она девять раз выходила раскланиваться
2) амер. прослушивание; репетиция3) объявление о времени репетиции10. 1) зов; тяга, влечениеthe call of the wild [of the sea] - зов природы [моря]
the call of nature - эвф. отправление естественных потребностей
2) призваниеto feel a call to smth. - чувствовать призвание /склонность/ к чему-л.
11. 1) визит, посещение; приходsocial call - а) светский визит; посещение знакомых; б) дип. протокольный визит
to make calls - делать /наносить/ визиты [ср. тж. 8]
to return smb. a call - нанести кому-л. ответный визит
to receive a call - принимать (гостя, посетителя)
2) заход ( корабля в порт)place [port] of call - место [порт] захода
3) остановка ( поезда на станции)12. 1) требованиеat call - наготове, к услугам, в (чьём-л.) распоряжении, под рукой [ср. тж. 4)]
to be ready at call - быть наготове /настороже/; ≅ быть готовым сделать (что-л.) по первому требованию
on call - по требованию, по вызову [ср. тж. 3) и 4)]
I have too many calls on my time - я слишком перегружен обязанностями, у меня совсем нет свободного времени
call of duty - а) служебный долг; at the call of duty, at duty's call - по долгу службы; merit beyond the call of duty - проявленный героизм; б) чувство долга
2) эк. спрос ( на товар)3) фин., ком. требование уплаты долга, очередного взноса и т. п.on call - на онкольном счёте [ср. тж. 1) и 4)]
loan at /on/ call, money on call - ссуда до востребования
4) воен. заявка, требование; вызовcall for action - а) боевая тревога; б) призыв к действию /к борьбе/
at /on/ call - по вызову; по требованию [ср. тж. 1) и 3)]
13. полномочие; правоto have /to get/ a call upon smth. - пользоваться (преимущественным) правом на что-л.
to have no call on smb. - не иметь никаких прав на чью-л. помощь /поддержку/
14. нужда, необходимостьI don't know what call she had to blush so - я не знаю, что заставило её так покраснеть
there is no call for you to worry - у вас нет никаких оснований тревожиться
15. бирж.1) предварительная премия; опцион2) сделка с предварительной премией16. карт. объявление ( козырной масти)17. церк. предложение прихода, места пастораsubroutine call - вызов подпрограммы, обращение к подпрограмме
♢
call to the bar - присвоение знания барристераa close call - амер. опасное /рискованное/ положение; ≅ на волосок от гибели
it was a close call - ≅ еле-еле унёс ноги, чудом спасся
2. [kɔ:l] vas the call, so the echo - посл. как аукнется, так и откликнется
1. кричать, закричатьI thought I beard someone calling - мне показалось, что кто-то кричит
2. 1) звать, позвать; подозвать (тж. call over); окликатьhe is in the next room, call him - он в соседней комнате, позовите /кликните/ его
did you call? - вы меня звали?
he called to her - он крикнул ей /окликнул её/
2) будить, разбудить3. называть; зватьwhat is this thing called? - как называется этот предмет?
what do you call this flower? - как называется этот цветок?
what do you call this in English? - как это по-английски?
his name is Richard but everybody calls him Dick - его имя Ричард, но все называют его Диком
to call smb. names - оскорблять /обзывать/ кого-л.
4. выкликать; громко читать список и т. п.5. созыватьto call Parliament - созвать /собрать/ парламент
6. 1) вызывать; звать ( к себе), приглашать:to call a doctor - пригласить /вызвать/ врача
2) вызывать, давать сигнал, сигнализировать3) вызывать (откуда-л.; тж. call out)the fire-brigade was called out twice last night - прошлой ночью пожарную команду вызывали два раза
4) юр. вызывать (в суд и т. п.)7. 1) (on, upon, unto, to) призывать; взывать, обращатьсяto call on all honest people to support peace - призывать всех честных людей отстаивать дело мира
to call to mind - вспоминать, припоминать
I can't call her telephone number to mind - я не могу вспомнить номер её телефона
to call to order - а) призвать к порядку; the chairman had to call the meeting to order - председателю пришлось призвать собравшихся к порядку; б) амер. открывать, собрание; the meeting is called to order, I call the meeting to order - объявляю собрание открытым
to call to witness - а) ссылаться на кого-л.; призывать кого-л. в свидетели; б) юр. вызывать /указывать/ свидетеля
to call to account - призвать к ответу; привлечь к ответственности; потребовать отчёта /объяснений/
to call to attention - а) обращать (чьё-л.) внимание на (что-л.); б) воен. дать команду «смирно»
to call to penance - церк. призывать к покаянию
2) (on, upon) предоставлять слово; вызывать на трибунуthe chairman called upon Mr. B. to speak - председатель предоставил слово г-ну Б.
to speak without being called upon - высказываться без приглашения или без предоставления слова
3) (on, upon) вызывать учащегося ответить на вопрос преподавателяthe teacher always called on her first - учитель всегда спрашивал её первой
4) (on, upon, to) pass быть призванным; чувствовать призвание, потребностьto be called to smth. - почувствовать призвание к чему-л.
he felt called upon to speak - он счёл необходимым выступить, он считал себя не вправе промолчать
5) (on, upon, to) pass быть вынужденным8. объявлять; оглашатьto call the banns - огласить имена вступающих в брак, объявить о предстоящем бракосочетании
you call now - карт. вам объявлять (масть и т. п.)
9. (тж. call in, call by)1) (обыкн. in, at, on, round) навещать; посещать, приходить в гости, с визитом; заходить, заглядывать, завернуть (куда-л.)I was out when he called - когда он заходил, меня не было дома
call in this evening, if you can - если можете, заходите сегодня вечером
I called on Mr. Smith at his office - я посетил мистера Смита в его конторе
our new neighbours called at our house last week - наши новые соседи приходили к нам /были у нас/ на прошлой неделе
the Ambassador called on the Foreign Minister - посол нанёс визит министру иностранных дел
call by - разг. заходить (ненадолго), заглядывать (к кому-л.)
I'll call by if you don't mind - я зайду, если вы не возражаете
we are alone most of the time, very few people call by - мы большей частью одни, у нас редко кто бывает
2) (in, at) заходить ( о корабле)does this steamer call at Naples? - этот пароход заходит в Неаполь?
3) (in, at) останавливаться ( о транспорте)few trains call at A. - редкий поезд останавливается в A.
10. (for)1) заходить (за чем-л., кем-л.)2) (громко) требоватьthe minister's resignation was called for by everybody - все потребовали отставки министра
3) требовать, нуждаться (в чём-л.), предусматриватьyour plan will call for a lot of money - для осуществления вашего плана потребуется много денег
the occasion calls for quick action - в данном случае требуется быстрота действий
4) pass требоваться; быть нужным, уместным5) вызывать ( актёра)11. звонить или говорить по телефонуwe called them to say that... - мы сообщили им по телефону, что...
did anyone call? - мне кто-нибудь звонил?
12. считать, рассматривать; (пред)полагатьdo you call English an easy language? - и вы считаете английский язык лёгким?
I call this a very good house - по-моему, это прекрасный дом
I call that a shame - по-моему, это возмутительно
they call it ten miles - считается, что здесь десять миль
he calls him his son - он считает его своим сыном; он относится к нему как к родному сыну
the results of the conference are called satisfactory - считают, что конференция дала положительные результаты
13. шотл. гнать (стадо, повозку и т. п.); погонять, понукать14. охот. вабить, приманивать птиц♢
to call in /into/ question, to call into doubt - сомневаться, ставить под сомнениеto call into being - создать, вызвать к жизни
the plant was called into being by war requirements - завод был построен по военным соображениям
to call into play - приводить в действие, пускать в ход
the case called every faculty of the doctor into play - заболевание потребовало от врача напряжения всех его сил и способностей
it calls for a celebration! - это (дело) надо отметить!
to call the score - спорт. вести /объявлять/ счёт
to call to the bar - принимать (кого-л.) в корпорацию барристеров
to call cousins - ≅ набиваться в родственники
to call the tune /the play/ - распоряжаться; задавать тон
to call it a day - прекратить какое-л. дело
let's call it a day - на сегодня хватит, пора кончать
to call it square - удовлетвориться, примириться
to call off all bets - амер. умереть
to call over the coals - бранить, отчитывать
you will be called over the coals for your conduct - вам достанется /попадёт/ за ваше поведение
to call smb.'s bluff см. bluff I, 1, 1)
deep calls unto deep - библ. бездна бездну призывает
to have nothing to call one's own - не иметь гроша за душой; ≅ ни кола ни двора
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15 полномочие полномочи·е
authority, plenary powers, power, discretion; (доверенность) commissionвозражать против чьих-л. полномочий — to make objection to smb.'s credentials
выйти за пределы полномочий — to exceed authority, to go beyond one's powers
давать полномочия — to empower, to give authority (for), to grant powers
действовать на основании полученных полномочий — to act on smb.'s authority
добиться полномочия на формирование нового правительства — to win a mandate to form a new government
иметь полномочия — to exercise / to have / to possess powers; have authority
наделить / облечь полномочиями — to invest with powers / authority
не выходить за пределы полномочий — to keep to / within the terms of reference
не признавать чьи-л. полномочия — to renounce smb.'s authority
осуществлять судебные и законодательные полномочия — to exercise jurisdictional and legislative powers
передавать полномочия — to hand over one's authority, delegate the power / responsibility (to), to devolve the power (on), to communicate credentials (to)
получать полномочия на что-л. / сделать что-л. — to receive authority for smth. / to do smth.
предоставить полномочия — to grant powers (to), to confer powers (on), to furnish with powers
превышать свои полномочия — to override one's commission, to exceed / to go beyond one's powers
продлить полномочия — to extend / to prolong the mandate
исключительные полномочия — exclusive authority, exceptional powers
неограниченные полномочия — plenary / plenipotentiary powers, unrestricted / unlimited authority / powers
ограниченные полномочие — limited / restricted powers
предоставленные полномочия (правительству США Конституцией) — granted / delegated / specific powers
чрезвычайные полномочия — emergency / extraordinary powers
широкие полномочия — broad / wide / sweeping powers, large discretion
в пределах своих полномочий — within one's powers / commission
круг полномочий — reference, terms of reference
ограниченный круг полномочий — limited reference, terms of reference
осуществление полномочий — exercise of (one's) powers
передача полномочий — delegation of powers, transfer of authority
полномочия, которыми он наделён — authority vested in him
полномочие найдены в надлежащем порядке и должной форме — full powers which were found in good and due form
полномочие по служебному положению / должности — ex-officio full powers
разделение полномочий — division / separation of powers
срок полномочий — term of office; (выборных органов) tenure
по истечении срока полномочий — on the expiry / expiration of the term of office
Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > полномочие полномочи·е
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16 blue
1 noun∎ dressed in blue habillé en bleu∎ they set off into the blue ils sont partis à l'aventure∎ Cambridge/Oxford blue = étudiant sélectionné dans l'équipe de l'Université de Cambridge/d'Oxford;∎ the Dark/Light Blues l'équipe f universitaire d'Oxford/de Cambridge;∎ he got a blue for cricket il a représenté son université au cricket(f) (for laundry) bleu m∎ out of the blue sans prévenir;∎ he arrived out of the blue il est arrivé à l'improviste;∎ the job offer came out of the blue la proposition de travail est tombée du ciel;∎ her resignation was or came like a bolt from the blue sa démission a été une véritable surprise∎ to go or turn blue (of sky, litmus paper) virer au bleu; (of person → because suffocating, near death) devenir violacé ou bleu;∎ to be blue with cold être bleu de froid;∎ familiar I've told you so until I'm blue in the face je me tue à te le dire;∎ familiar you can argue until you're blue in the face but she still won't give in vous pouvez vous tuer à discuter, elle ne s'avouera pas vaincue pour autant;∎ figurative to take a blue pencil to sth censurer qch∎ to feel blue avoir le cafard∎ to tell blue jokes en dire de vertes, en raconter des vertes et des pas mûres;∎ British his jokes turn the air blue ses plaisanteries sont affreusement cochonnes∎ to have a blue fit piquer une crise;∎ to scream or to shout blue murder crier comme un putois;∎ once in a blue moon tous les trente-six du mois;∎ American he talks a blue streak il n'arrête pas de jacasser∎ he blued his inheritance on the horses il a claqué son héritage en jouant aux courses∎ the blues le cafard;∎ to get or to have the blues avoir le cafard∎ Military the Blues and Royals = section de la Cavalerie de la Maison du Souverain britannique►► Medicine blue baby enfant mf bleu(e);Military blue berets casques mpl bleus;American Blue Birds = section du "Camp Fire Club" réservée aux jeunes enfants;blue blood sang m bleu ou noble;blue book British Parliament livre m bleu; American University cahier m d'examen; American (social register) = sorte de bottin mondain, ≃ gotha m;blue cheese (fromage m) bleu m;blue chip Stock Exchange (stock) valeur f de père de famille ou de premier ordre; Finance (investment) placement m de bon rapport;∎ she left in a blue funk elle est partie complètement terrorisée;Ornithology blue goose oie f bleue;Ornithology blue jay geai m bleu;American blue jeans jean m;American familiar blue laws = lois qui, au nom de la morale, limitent certaines activités telles que l'ouverture des commerces le dimanche, la vente d'alcool etc;Sport blue line (in ice hockey) ligne f bleue;American the Blue Mountain State = surnom donné à l'Orégon;Music blue note = tierce ou septième diminuée, très utilisée dans le blues;Television Blue Peter = émission télévisée britannique pour enfants, à vocation pédagogique;Nautical blue peter pavillon m de partance;the Blue Ridge Mountains Montagnes fpl bleues (dans les Appalaches);blue rinse rinçage m à reflets bleus;Ichthyology blue shark requin m bleu;Zoology blue whale baleine f bleueⓘ BLUE Sur la scène politique britannique, la couleur bleue représente le parti conservateur. Dans le milieu des sports universitaires, le bleu foncé est porté par les joueurs d'Oxford, le bleu clair par ceux de Cambridge.
См. также в других словарях:
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